Robert J. Marks II

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Robert J. Marks II
Robert J. Marks II (2016).png
Born (1950-08-25) August 25, 1950 (age 66)
West Virginia, United States
Main interests
 Intelligent Design · Electrical Engineering · Evolutionary Computation · Computational Intelligence

Robert Jackson Marks II is a polymath[1] electrical engineer. His contributions include the Zhao-Atlas-Marks (ZAM) time-frequency distribution in the field of signal processing,[2] the Cheung–Marks theorem[3] in Shannon sampling theory and the Papoulis-Marks-Cheung (PMC) approach in multidimensional sampling.[4] He was instrumental in the defining of the field of computational intelligence and co-edited the first book using computational intelligence in the title.[5][6] A Christian[7] and an old earth creationist,[8] he is a subject of the 2008 pro-intelligent design motion picture, Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed.[9][10]

Professional[edit]

Marks is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Baylor University and proponent of intelligent design. From 1977 to 2003, he was on the faculty of the University of Washington in Seattle. He was the first president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Neural Networks Council (now the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.[11] He is a Fellow of the IEEE [12][13] and the Optical Society of America.[13][14]

Technical contributions[edit]

Marks is a researcher in the area of electrical engineering.[15]

  • Treatment of prostate cancer. Marks and his colleagues developed algorithms for real time identification of placement of radioactive seeds in cancerous prostates.[16][17] For this work, he was a co-recipient of the Judith Stitt Best Abstract Award from the American Brachytherapy Society.[13] The algorithm is used clinically .[18]
  • Optimal detection. In the field of detection theory, Marks and his colleagues developed the first closed form solution for the Neyman–Pearson optimal detection of signals in non-Gaussian noise[19][20]
"Marks, Wise, Haldeman and Whited have derived exact expressions for the test statistic distribution functions, and thus were able to analyze the performance of the optimal detector for given values of signal strength and sample size."[21]
"[The ZAMGTFR [ZAMD] has advantage over most of the other TFRs under conditions of low SNR and some characteristic features are easy to be extracted from the 2-D time-frequency plane."[30]
"The ZAM-TFD [ZAMD] has been shown to be effective in tracking frequency hopping signals and representing signals in the presence of white noise."[31]
"The Zhao–Atlas–Marks distribution produces a good resolution in time and frequency domains. The ZAMD method reduces the interference resulting from the cross-terms present in multi-component signals. It is useful in resolving close spectral peaks and capturing non-stationary and multi-component signals."[32]
"[T]he Zhao-Atlas-Marks time-frequency distribution ... significantly enhances the time and frequency resolution and eliminates all undesirable cross terms. // The ZAM distribution has been applied to speech with remarkable results."[33]
  • Remote sensing. Marks and his colleagues [34][35] were the first to use neural network inversion in remote sensing. They measured snow parameters from microwave measurements made by satellites. Their general approach is widely used today.[36][37]
  • Wireless arrays. Marks is a co-recipient of a NASA Tech Brief for pioneering power efficient communication in wireless arrays.[38][39]
  • Power generation. Working with Southern California Edison, Marks and his colleagues pioneered computational intelligence based methods for early detection of intermittent shorted windings in multi ton electric generators while the rotors were still turning.[40][41]
    "[Their diagnostic test performs] detection and localization of shorted turns in the DC field winding of turbine-generator rotors using novelty detection and fuzzified neural networks. Use of neural networks with fuzzy logic outputs and traveling wave techniques ... is an accurate locator of shorted turns in turbo-generator rotors."[42]
  • Marks has made contributions to the sampling theorem including authoring the first book exclusively dedicated to the subject.[43]
    • Restoration of lost samples. Using "sophisticated estimation of the missing samples using previous and future samples,"[44] Marks[45] first showed that, when a signal is sampled above its Nyquist rate, lost samples "are redundant, in the sense that any finite number of them can be obtained from the remaining ones by solving a system of linear equations."[46]
    • Ill-posed sampling (The Cheung-Marks Theorem). The sampling theorem's Cheung–Marks theorem[3] shows that samples taken from a signal at or above the Nyquist rate may prove incapable of restoring the signal in the presence of small amounts of noise.[47]
    • Optimal image sampling. An image is said to be optimally sampled when the samples per unit area are minimized subject to no degradation of the interpolated image. Marks's contributions to optimal image sampling include:
      • Sub-Nyquist Sampling. Cheung and Marks [48] showed that images could be sampled below their Nyquist rate and still be recovered without aliasing.
        "[Their] very interesting multidimensional construction ... exploit[s] the [required] spectral gaps that occur when sampling multidimensional signals. Their approach is to slice the spectrum into narrow bands, and handle separately those bands which contain signal energy and those which do not." [49]
      • The Papoulis-Marks-Cheung Approach.[4] Marks and Cheung[50] extended the generalized sampling expansion of Athanasios Papoulis[51] to higher dimensions.
        "Marks and Cheung focused on images with a given spectral support region and an initial base sampling lattice such that the induced spectral replicas of this support region do not overlap. They then showed that cosets of some sublattice could be removed from the base lattice until the sampling density was minimal (in the Landau sense) or approached minimal...[This] allows the sampling rate to be reduced until it equals or approaches the Landau minimum."[4]
  • Optical computers. Marks invented [52] and implemented [53] an all optical computer that – using lenses, mirrors, and light from a laser – performs iterative calculations literally at the speed of light.
    "While many problems in optics can be solved by projections, it is difficult to solve such problems using all-optical methods. A notable exception is Marks' all-optical implementations of the convex projection algorithm for implementing super-resolution."[54]

The Evolutionary Informatics Lab website controversy[edit]

Main article: Evolutionary Informatics Lab

In 2007, Marks created on a Baylor University server a website for the Evolutionary Informatics Lab, a site promoting intelligent design.[55] The website, initially hosted on Baylor servers, was deleted when Baylor's administration claimed that it violated university policy forbidding professors from creating the impression that their personal views represent Baylor as an institution. Baylor said they would permit Marks to repost his website on their server, provided a 108 word disclaimer accompany any intelligent design-advancing research to make clear that the work does not represent the university's position.[56][57][58] The site now resides on a third-party server [59] and still contains the material advancing intelligent design.

Additional controversy arose when it was discovered that William Dembski, a notable intelligent design proponent and former Baylor staff member at the heart of a previous intelligent design controversy at Baylor over the Michael Polanyi Center's promotion of intelligent design who was removed as the center's director, had returned to Baylor as a member of the Evolutionary Informatics Lab.[60] Dembski's participation was funded by a $30,000 grant from the Lifeworks Foundation, which was funded and administrated by researcher Brendan Dixon of the Biologic Institute, another lab promoting intelligent design affiliated with the Discovery Institute.[61][62]

Marks agrees that "associating with [intelligent design] proponents can be harmful to your career" and expressed sympathy for Guillermo Gonzalez and William Dembski, who feature with Marks in the pro-intelligent design film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed.[63] Interview footage with Marks was shot for Expelled following the deletion of the website.[9] The motion picture alleges persecution of intelligent design advocates by academic institutions and the scientific establishment.[10]

Christianity[edit]

Marks served as the faculty adviser to the University of Washington's chapter of Campus Crusade for Christ for seventeen years. He has presented his talk "What Does Calculus Have to Do with Christianity?" [64] in Poland, Japan, Canada, Russia, and the United States.[13]

Marks has made science-oriented Christian apologetics presentations.[65] Venues include Poland, Japan, Moscow, Canada, and Siberia.[13]

Other activities[edit]

Books by Robert J. Marks II[edit]

  • R.J. Marks II, William A. Dembski and Winston Ewert, Introduction to Evolutionary Informatics, World Scientific, Singapore, (2017).[24]
  • R.J. Marks II, Michael Behe, William A. Dembski, Bruce L. Gordon, John C. Sanford, Editors, Biological Information - New Perspectives, World Scientific, Singapore, (2013).[25]
  • R.J. Marks II, Handbook of Fourier Analysis and Its Applications, Oxford University Press, (2009).[26]
  • R. D. Reed and R.J. Marks II, Neural Smithing: Supervised Learning in Feedforward Artificial Neural Networks, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (1999).
  • M. Palaniswami, Y. Attikiouzel, R.J. Marks II, David B. Fogel and Toshio Fukuda; Editors, Computational Intelligence: A Dynamic System Perspective, IEEE Press, (1995).
  • R.J. Marks II, Editor, Fuzzy Logic Technology and Applications, IEEE Technical Activities Board, Piscataway, (1994).
  • Jacek M. Zurada, R.J. Marks II and C.J. Robinson; Editors, Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life, (IEEE Press, 1994).
  • R.J. Marks II, Editor, Advanced Topics in Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, (Springer-Verlag, 1993).
  • R.J. Marks II, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Springer-Verlag, (1991).[27]
  • M.A. El-Sharkawi and R. J. Marks II, Editors, Applications of Neural Networks to Power Systems, IEEE Press, Piscataway, (1991).

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ "Review of "Handbook of Fourier Analysis"". Geometry: The Online Learning Center. Retrieved June 3, 2015. 
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Leon Cohen, Time Frequency Analysis: Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall, (1994)
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b J.L. Brown and S.D.Cabrera, "On well-posedness of the Papoulis generalized sampling expansion," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, May 1991 Volume: 38 , Issue 5, pp. 554–556
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c Matthew A. Prelee and David L. Neuhoff. "Multidimensional Manhattan Sampling and Reconstruction." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 62, no. 5 (2016): 2772-2787.
  5. Jump up ^ "Donald C. Wunsch Interviews Robert J. Marks II for the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society's History Committee". Retrieved June 3, 2015. 
  6. Jump up ^ Jacek Zurada, R.J. Marks II and C.J. Robinson; Editors. Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life. IEEE Press (1994). ISBN 0780311043. 
  7. Jump up ^ Robert J. Marks II. "The Impact of Christian Faith on Mathematics & Science: Yesterday & Today". Retrieved June 4, 2015. 
  8. Jump up ^ Casey Luskin. "ID the Future: Dr. Robert Marks - Active Information in Metabiology". Retrieved June 3, 2015. 
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Jerry Pierce, "Baptist professors featured in new film," Southern Baptist Texan (January 28, 2008)
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Lesley Burbridge-Bates (2007-08-22). "Expelled Press Release" (PDF). Premise Media. Retrieved 2008-04-07.  External link in |publisher= (help)
  11. Jump up ^ [1] IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
  12. Jump up ^ "For leadership and contributions to the field of neural networks."(1994)[2]
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Robert J. Marks II. "Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Retrieved June 3, 2015. 
  14. Jump up ^ "For contributions to image recovery and synthesis, optical processing, and eletro-optical neural networks." (1989)
  15. Jump up ^ [3] Marks's CV.
  16. Jump up ^ [4] S. Narayanan, P.S. Cho and R.J. Marks II, "Fast Cross-Projection Algorithm for Reconstruction of Seeds in Prostate Brachytherapy", Med. Phys. 29 (7), July 2002, pp. 1572–1579.
  17. Jump up ^ [5] S. Narayanan, P.S. Cho and R.J. Marks II, "Three-dimensional seed reconstruction from an incomplete data set for prostate brachytherapy", Phys. Med. Biol., vol.49, pp. 3483–3494 (2004).
  18. Jump up ^ D.R. Reed, K.E. Wallner, S.Narayanan, S.G. Sutlief, E.C. Ford, P.S. Cho, "Intraoperative fluoroscopic dose assessment in prostate brachytherapy patients," International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, Vol 63, Issue 1, September, 2005, pp. 301–307
  19. Jump up ^ S. A. Kassam, Signal Detection in Non-Gaussian Noise. Springer Verlag, 1988.
  20. Jump up ^ Detection in Laplace noise R.J. Marks II, G.L. Wise, D.G. Haldeman and J.L. Whited, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. AES-14, pp. 866–872 (1978).
  21. Jump up ^ M. W. Thompson, D. R. Halverson and G. L. Wise. "Robust Detection in Nominally Laplace Noise." IEEE Transactions on Communications, Volume 42 Issue 2-4, pp. 1651–1660, Feb–Apr. 1994
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b A. Khotanzad, R. Afkhami-Rohani, Lu Tsun-Liang, A. Abaye, M. Davis, D.J. Maratukulam, "ANNSTLF-a neural-network-based electric load forecasting system," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Volume 8, Issue 4, Jul 1997 pp. 835–846.
  23. Jump up ^ D.C. Park, M.A. El-Sharkawi, R.J. Marks II, L.E. Atlas & M.J. Damborg, "Electric load forecasting using an artificial neural network", IEEE Transactions on Power Engineering, vol.6, pp. 442–449 (1991).
  24. Jump up ^ [6] IEEE Spectrum Webinar, "Electricity Demand and Price Forecasting with MATLAB,"
  25. Jump up ^ [7] "Analyzing almost 10 million tweets, research finds public mood can predict Dow days in advance," Indiana University Press Release.
  26. Jump up ^ Homma, Toshiteru; Les Atlas; Robert Marks II (1988). "An Artificial Neural Network for Spatio-Temporal Bipolar Patters: Application to Phoneme Classification" (PDF). Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. 1: 31–40. 
  27. Jump up ^ [8] Y. Zhao, L. E. Atlas, and R. J. Marks, “The use of cone-shape kernels for generalized time-frequency representations of nonstationary signals,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 1084–1091, July 1990
  28. Jump up ^ [9] Time-Frequency Toolbox For Use with MATLAB
  29. Jump up ^ [10] National Instruments. LabVIEW Tools for Time-Frequency, Time-Series, and Wavelet Analysis. [11] TFA Cone-Shaped Distribution VI
  30. Jump up ^ D. Zeng, X. Zeng, G. Lu, and B. Tang. "Automatic modulation classification of radar signals using the generalised time-frequency representation of Zhao, Atlas and Marks." IET radar, sonar & navigation 5, no. 4 (2011): 507–516.
  31. Jump up ^ James R. Bulgrin, Bernard J. Rubal, Theodore E. Posch, and Joe M. Moody. "Comparison of binomial, ZAM and minimum cross-entropy time-frequency distributions of intracardiac heart sounds." In Signals, Systems and Computers, 1994. 1994 Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 383–387. IEEE, 1994.
  32. Jump up ^ G.X. Chena and Z.R. Zhou, "Time–frequency analysis of friction-induced vibration under reciprocating sliding conditions," Wear, Volume 262, Issues 1–2, 4 January 2007, Pages 1–10
  33. Jump up ^ Lokenath Debnath, Wavelet transforms and their applications, Birkhäuser Boston, (2001) p.355
  34. Jump up ^ [12] L. Tsang, Z. Chen, S. Oh, R.J. Marks II and A.T.C. Chang, "Inversion of snow parameters from passive microwave remote sensing measurements by a neural network trained with a multiple scattering model" IEEE Transactions on Goescience and Remote Sensing, vol. 30, no.5, pp. 1015–1024 (1992).
  35. Jump up ^ A. Ishimaru, R.J. Marks II, L. Tsang, C.M. Lam, D.C. Park and S. Kitamaru, "Particle size distribution using optical sensing and neural networks", Optics Letters, vol.15, pp. 1221–1223 (1990).
  36. Jump up ^ Vladimir M. Krasnopolsky and Helmut Schillerb, "Some neural network applications in environmental sciences. Part I: forward and inverse problems in geophysical remote measurements," Neural Networks, Volume 16, Issues 3–4, April–May 2003, pp. 321–334
  37. Jump up ^ F. Van der Meer, "Geophysical inversion of imaging spectrometer data for geologic modelling," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Volume 21, Issue 2, pp. 387–393 (2000)
  38. Jump up ^ NASA Recognizes Baylor Engineer For Innovative Technology
  39. Jump up ^ A.K. Das, R.J. Marks II, M.A. El-Sharkawi, Payman Arabshahi and Andrew Gray, "Minimum Power Broadcast Trees for Wireless Networks: Optimization Using the Viability Lemma", Proceedings of the NASA Earth Science Technology Conference, June 11–13, 2002, Pasadena, CA
  40. Jump up ^ [13] M.A. El-Sharkawi, R.J. Marks II, S.Oh, S.J. Huang, I. Kerszenbaum and A. Rodriguez, "Localization of Winding Shorts Using Fuzzified Neural Networks", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 10, no.1, March 1995, pp. 147–155.)
  41. Jump up ^ S. Guttormsson, R.J. Marks II, M.A. El-Sharkawi and I. Kerszenbaum, "Elliptical novelty grouping for on-line short-turn detection of excited running rotors", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 14 1 , March 1999 , pp. 16–22
  42. Jump up ^ M.E. El-Hawary, Fuzzy System Theory in Electrical Power Engineering, (IEEE Press, 1998), p.xxiv
  43. Jump up ^ R.J. Marks II, Introduction to Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Springer-Verlag, (1991).[14]
  44. Jump up ^ Farokh A. Marvasti, Peter M. Clarkson, Miroslav V. Dokic, Ut Goenchanart, and Chuande Liu, "Reconstruction of Speech Signals with Lost Samples," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Volume 40, Issue 12, pp. 2897–2903, December 1992.
  45. Jump up ^ R.J. Marks II, "Restoring lost samples from an oversampled bandlimited signal", IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-31, pp. 752–755 (1983).
  46. Jump up ^ P.J.S.G. Ferreira, Incomplete sampling series and the recovery of missing samples from oversampled bandlimited signals," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, (40) 1 pp. 225 227 (1992).
  47. Jump up ^ [15] K.F. Cheung and R.J. Marks II, "Ill-posed sampling theorems", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. CAS-32, pp. 829–835 (1985).
  48. Jump up ^ [16] K.F. Cheung and R.J. Marks II, "Image sampling below the Nyquist density without aliasing", Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.7, pp. 92–105 (1990)
  49. Jump up ^ Cormac Herley and Ping Wah Wong, "Minimum Rate Sampling and Reconstruction of Signals with Arbitrary Frequency Support," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol 45, No. 5, July 1999, pp. 1555–1564.
  50. Jump up ^ R. J. Marks, II, "Multidimensional-signal sample dependency at Nyquist densities," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 3, pp. 268–273, Feb. 1986. K. F. Cheung and R. J. Marks, II, "Imaging sampling below the Nyquist density without aliasing," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 92–105, Jan. 1990. K. F. Cheung, "A multidimensional extension of Papoulis' generalized sampling expansion with the application in minimum density sampling," in Advanced Topics in Shannon Sampling and Interpolation Theory, Robert J. Marks II, Editor. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp. 85–119.
  51. Jump up ^ Athanasios Papoulis, "Generalized sampling expansion," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 652–654, Nov. 1977.
  52. Jump up ^ [17] R.J. Marks II, "Coherent optical extrapolation of two-dimensional signals: processor theory", Applied Optics, vol. 19, pp. 1670–1672 (1980)
  53. Jump up ^ R.J. Marks II and D.K. Smith "Gerchberg – type linear deconvolution and extrapolation algorithms", in Transformations in Optical Signal Processing, edited by W.T. Rhodes, J.R. Fienup and B.E.A. Saleh, SPIE vol. 373, pp. 161–178 (1984).
  54. Jump up ^ Henry Stark and Yongyi Yang,Vector Space Projections: A Numerical Approach to Signal and Image Processing, Neural Nets, and Optics, Wiley-Interscience,(1998), p.281.
  55. Jump up ^ Follow the money: more Dembski/Baylor-related mischief? Andrea Bottaro. Panda's Thumb, September 7, 2007.
  56. Jump up ^ William Dembski Addresses Forthcoming Intelligent Design Research that Advances ID and Answers Critics, Evolution News & Views, Discovery Institute
  57. Jump up ^ Crisis averted, Mark Bergin, World Magazine
  58. Jump up ^ Baylor U. Removes a Web Page Associated With Intelligent Design From Its Site by Elizabeth F. Farrell. Chronicle of Higher Education, Sept. 4, 2007. onlinesubscription access
  59. Jump up ^ EvoInfo.org
  60. Jump up ^ Grace Maalouf, Brad Briggs "BU had role in Dembski return," Baylor Lariat, Nov. 16, 2007 [18]
  61. Jump up ^ Follow the money: more Dembski/Baylor-related mischief?, Andrea Bottaro, The Panda's Thumb
  62. Jump up ^ Lifeworks Foundation 990 form for the year 2006
  63. Jump up ^ Well-Informed: Dr. Robert Marks and the Evolutionary Informatics Lab, Casey Luskin interviewer, "Intelligent Design the Future" podcast series of The Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute.
  64. Jump up ^ "What Does Calculus Have to Do with Christianity" Presentation
  65. Jump up ^ Marks' apologetics page
  66. Jump up ^ [19] Benjamin Hawkins, "Southwestern professors make no bones about Christ’s resurrection," Mar 26, 2008
  67. Jump up ^ [20] W.A. Dembski and R.J. Marks II, ``The Jesus Tomb Math," in Buried Hope Or Risen Savior?: The Search for the Jesus Tomb, edited by Charles Quarles.
  68. Jump up ^ [21] Sketch Marks (from Marks's web page.)
  69. Jump up ^ [22] WPFR TeleTalk (from Marks's web page.)
  70. Jump up ^ [23] "Robert J. Marks II has an Erdős-Bacon number of five." Retrieved 2010-05-05.

External links[edit]

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